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Record W4381956693 · doi:10.1097/cxa.0000000000000131

The Current State of Psychostimulants Use and Harms in Canada

2022· article· en· W4381956693 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
Caroline O’Keefe-Markman, Lenka Vojtila, Benedikt Fischer

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Addiction · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicOpioid Use Disorder Treatment
Canadian institutionsSimon Fraser University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPsychological interventionMedicinePsychosocialPsychiatryPopulationHeroinMethamphetamineParaphernaliaEnvironmental healthDrugGeography

Abstract

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ABSTRACT Psychostimulant use in Canada—similar to recent data trends from the United States—has been showing signs of increase over the past decade, while with patterns of use varying across the country. Changes in drug use preferences from opioids to psychostimulants have been noted in several provinces, for example, Alberta. Similarly, reports from British Columbia highlight a shift from opioids to psychostimulants with methamphetamine use representing the most commonly used drug. Further, the greatest amount of methamphetamine was seized in Quebec. Harms of psychostimulants include but are not limited to cardiovascular events, violence, paranoia/psychosis, increase in crime, and risky behaviors. Overall, physical and mental morbidity is associated with psychostimulant use in addition to elevated risk of contracting HIV and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). There are increasing trends of the co-use of psycho-stimulants with opioids, resulting in heightened risk for acute adverse outcomes (eg, poisoning mortality). Populations involved in the use of psychostimulants across Canada are often socio-economically marginalized and vulnerable, or include men who have sex with men communities as well as post-secondary students. These populations warrant concerted efforts towards reducing the harms associated with psychostimulants; however, current interventions are limited. Interventions to be considered include safer psychostimulant paraphernalia distribution, psychosocial and pharmacotherapeutic interventions, supervised consumption services, and possible “safer supply” interventions. Studies suggest the need for tailored interventions for psychostimulants, prioritizing population-specific needs, better prevention, and further research. Overall, concerted effort to decrease psychostimulant-related use and harms, especially amongst youth, marginalized populations, and men who have sex with men communities, are warranted across Canada. L’utilisation de psychostimulants au Canada - semblable aux tendances récentes de données des États-Unis - a montré des signes d’augmentation au cours de la dernière décennie, tandis que les modes d’utilisation varient à travers le pays. Des changements dans la préférence en matière de drogues passant des opioïdes aux psychostimulants ont été observés dans plusieurs provinces, par exemple en Alberta. De même, des rapports de la Colombie-Britannique mettent en évidence une transition des opioïdes aux psychostimulants, la consommation de méthamphétamine représentant la drogue la plus couramment consommée. De plus, la plus grande quantité de méthamphétamine a été saisie au Québec. Les effets nocifs des psychostimulants comprennent, sans s’y limiter, les accidents cardiovasculaires, la violence, la paranoïa/psychose, l’augmentation de la criminalité et les comportements à risque. Dans l’ensemble, la morbidité physique et mentale est associée à l’utilisation de psychostimulants en plus du risque élevé de contracter le VIH et le VHC. Les tendances sont à la hausse quant à l’utilisation concomitante de psychostimulants et d’opioïdes, ce qui entraîne un risque accru d’effets indésirables aigus (par exemple, mortalité par empoisonnement). Les populations impliquées dans l’utilisation de psychostimulants à travers le Canada sont souvent des sociétés marginalisées et vulnérables sur le plan socio-économique, par exemple la communauté des hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes (HSH) ainsi que les étudiants de niveau post-secondaire. Ces populations justifient des efforts concertés pour réduire les méfaits associés aux psychostimulants; cependant, les interventions actuelles sont limitées. Les interventions à envisager comprennent une distribution plus sÛre de matériel de psychostimulants, des interventions psychosociales et pharmacothérapeutiques, des services de consommation supervisée et d’éventuelles interventions pour un «approvisionnement plus sÛr». Des études suggèrent la nécessité d’interventions sur mesure pour les psychostimulants, donnant la priorité aux besoins spécifiques de la population, une meilleure prévention et des recherches plus poussées. Dans l’ensemble, des efforts concertés pour réduire l’utilisation et les effets nocifs liés aux psychostimulants, en particulier chez les jeunes, les populations marginalisées et les communautés HSH, sont justifiés partout au Canada.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.467
Threshold uncertainty score0.741

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.018
GPT teacher head0.250
Teacher spread0.232 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2022
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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