A 3D-Printed Encapsulated Dual Wide-Band Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Beam Switching Capability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the concept of encapsulated dielectric resonator antennas (E-DRAs). In E-DRAs, smaller-sized DRAs with a specific permittivity is embedded inside a larger DRA with a lower permittivity allowing for simultaneous efficient radiation at two widely separated and widely covered frequency bands. In this work, the proposed E-DRAs cover both the sub-6-GHz band (with a large size DRA) and mm-wave band (with smaller sized DRAs) for 5G and beyond applications. The proposed design of the dual wide-band E-DRAs is fabricated using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process. At mm-wave bands, small cylindrical DRAs (cDRAs) are the radiating elements, and a larger cDRA in conjunction with a dielectric lens (DL) is used to achieve high gain radiation at such high bands. An array of 5 elements is used in a switched mode fashion to add switching beam capability to the antenna at the mm-wave band. Employing 3D printing reduces the fabrication time and cost and enables precise control of the dielectric constant of the DRAs. Measurement results show a maximum gain of 7.2 dBi at 3.2 GHz and 18 dBi at 31.5 GHz. The measured efficiency is more than 95% and 80% at sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands, respectively. At the sub-6-GHz band, the measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth is 33% (centered at 3.6 GHz). At the mm-wave frequency band, the measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth is 27% (centered at 30.5 GHz). The achieved bandwidths are the highest among previous works on dual-band antennas at sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".