A Time-Based CMOS Readout Circuit for Amperometric Biosensors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Miniaturization of electrochemical sensing devices for point-of-care, wearable and implantable diagnostics relies on CMOS potentiostat readouts that offer rapid and accurate test results. Conventional CMOS potentiostats are based on traditional analog blocks such as op amps and comparators, with a performance penalty in terms of power consumption and dynamic range. Time-based readout architectures offer unique advantages to achieve ultra-low power and low voltage operation without sacrificing small area and resolution. In this paper, we present the design of a CMOS potentiostat circuit with a current-mode time-based SAR ADC readout. The simulated results suggest that the readout channel can achieve an estimated energy efficiency of 1.5 pJ/bit from a 1.8 V supply. The proposed architecture can be readily scaled and programmed for a wide range of input currents, which makes it suitable for multiplexed multi-analyte systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".