Canada in the strategic defense plans of the British Empire (last third of the 19th century)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
В статье изучается место и роль доминиона Канады в стратегических планах обороны Британской империи. Хронологические рамки работы охватывают последние три десятилетия XIX века. Канада, получив в 1867 году политический статус доминиона в составе империи, в этот период стала рассматриваться Великобританией в качестве важнейшего стратегического союзника. Анализируются представления британских консерваторов и либералов по проблеме включения колоний в систему коллективной безопасности Британской империи. Исследуется деятельность британских правительственных органов (Министерства по делам колоний и Адмиралтейства) по разработке стратегических планов интеграции Канады в имперскую оборону, а также их рекомендации. Оценивается степень готовности Канады участвовать в осуществлении британских стратегических планов обороны, а также объем, в котором они были реализованы. Выясняется, какое место занимали канадские военно-морские базы Галифакс и Эскуаймолт в системе имперской безопасности. К концу XIX века базовой основой британской политики в области имперской обороны стал принцип взаимности, означавший разделение ответственности между метрополией и колониями. Великобритания должна была защищать океанские маршруты и имперскую торговлю, а колонии — поддерживать собственную территориальную безопасность. В случае опасности метрополия обязывалась перебрасывать войска для защиты колоний, они же, в свою очередь, должны были участвовать в любых войнах, которые вела империя. Канада оказалась не готовой к таким переменам, согласившись на частичную защиту своей территории путем создания местных вооруженных сил, а также на содержание имперских военно-морских баз. The article studies the place and role of the Dominion of Canada in the strategic plans for the defense of the British Empire. The chronological framework covers the last three decades of the 19th century. Having obtained the political status of a dominion within the empire in 1867, Canada came to be regarded by Great Britain as the most important strategic ally. We analyze the ways in which British conservatives and liberals saw the role of colonies in the system of collective security of the British Empire are analyzed. Another area of study is the activities of the British government bodies (the Colonial Office and the Admiralty) in developing strategic plans for integration of Canada into the imperial defense, as well as their recommendations. We assess Canada’s readiness to participate in British strategic defense, as well as the extent to which this was implemented. We describe the functions of Canadian naval bases Halifax and Escuymolt in the imperial system of security. By the end of the 19th century, the principle of reciprocity, which meant division of responsibility between the mother country and the colonies, became the core of British policy in the area of defense. Great Britain was to protect ocean routes and imperial trade, while the colonies were to maintain their own territorial security. In case of danger, the mother country was obliged to transfer troops to protect the colonies, and these, in turn, had to participate in any wars waged by the Empire. The conclusion shows that Canada was not prepared for such changes, agreeing to partial defense of its territory through organizing local armed forces, as well as maintenance of imperial naval bases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".