A Critical Review On Mechanism Of Herbal Drugs Cissus Quadrangularis, Mimosa Pudia And Boswellia Serrata In Bone Healing For Osteoporosis (Asthikshaya) And Bone Fracture And Pain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
- Osteoporosis, a silent epidemic has become a major health hazard in recent years. Osteoporosis which increases bonefragility and thereby the risk of fractures is associated with high mortality, morbidity and high medical expensesthroughout the world. “It is a progressive systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture.”(1)Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending overor coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.WorldHealth Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as bone density (BD) that is 2.5 Standard Deviation (SD ) or morebelow the young adult mean value (T score < - 2.5). Bone density decreases with age as the fracture risk rises rapidly.Every 1 SD decrease in BMD increases fracture risk two to three fold.(2) Osteoporosis is second only to cardiovasculardisease as a leading health care problem, according to the World Health Organization.(3) It is now considered as majorhealth care problem in India with an estimated 50 % of healthy women and 36% men over 50 years of age having lowbone mass. Occurrence of osteoporosis is 10 years earlier in Indian people than in the West.(4) It currently affectsapproximately one in three women and one in five men over age 50. Because of related morbidity and disability,diminished quality of life and mortality, osteoporosis and fractures associated with it are major public health concern.India seems to have the highest prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia.- The most important supportive framework of the body among these is Asthi (Bone tissue). The branch of surgery thatdeals with deformities of the bones is known as Orthopedics. Asthikshaya (Osteoporosis) is degenerative changes wheredepletion of Asthidhatu is seen. Defining feature of Osteoporosis (Asthikshaya) is reduced bone density which causesmicro architectural deterioration of bone tissue and leads to an increased risk of fracture. By Ashrayashrayibhaava- Vatadosha and Asthi Dhatu is inversely proportional to each other. Vata vruddhi causes Asthikshaya. Trauma managementhas been in practice since Vedic periods. Also, the use of plants for medical purposes for their therapeutic properties hasbeen in vogue since pre-historic times. In India and worldwide, use of herbal ingredients has a long tradition. Theindigenous medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani are followed even today as a part of curing manyailments without any side effect (Smet et al., 1992a).The Ayurvedic medicinal plants have been a source of so manypotential drug candidates for several disease conditions and most importantly for chronic disorders. In Ayurveda manyof drugs and formulations were described for management of osteoporosis, fracture and pain; among them for thefracture the Asthishrunkhala is one of the drugs widely used as single or in various compound formulations. Also thereare many drugs which are mentioned as Asthiposhak. But we selected Asthishrinkhala, lajjalu and shallaki as it isAsthiposhak, Balya and Analgesics.- The purpose of this article is to concentrate in herbal medicines for bone healing in osteoporosis and fractures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".