Exploring the Efficacy of the Effortful Swallow Maneuver for Improving Swallowing in People With Parkinson Disease—A Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the immediate (compensatory) and longer term (rehabilitative) effect of the effortful swallow (ES) maneuver on physiological swallowing parameters in Parkinson disease. Design: Virtual intervention protocol via Microsoft Teams with pre- and post-videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. Setting: Outpatient hospital setting, with intervention performed virtually. Participants: Eight participants (median age 74 years [63-82])with Parkinson disease (years post onset 3-20) with a Hoehn and Yahr scale score between 2 and 4 (N=8). Interventions: ES maneuver, initiated using a maximum effort isometric tongue-to-palate press, with biofeedback provided using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. The protocol included 30 minute sessions twice daily, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores, time-to-laryngeal-vestibule-closure, total pharyngeal residue, and pharyngeal area at maximum constriction as seen on lateral view videofluoroscopy. Results: No consistent, systematic trends were identified in the direction of improvement or deterioration across Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores, time-to-laryngeal-vestibule-closure, pharyngeal area at maximum constriction, or total pharyngeal residue. Conclusions: Heterogeneous response to the ES as both a compensatory and rehabilitative technique. Positive response on the compensatory probe was predictive of positive response after rehabilitation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".