Ensemble Siamese Network (ESN) Using ECG Signals for Human Authentication in Smart Healthcare System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Advancements in digital communications that permit remote patient visits and condition monitoring can be attributed to a revolution in digital healthcare systems. Continuous authentication based on contextual information offers a number of advantages over traditional authentication, including the ability to estimate the likelihood that the users are who they claim to be on an ongoing basis over the course of an entire session, making it a much more effective security measure for proactively regulating authorized access to sensitive data. Current authentication models that rely on machine learning have their shortcomings, such as the difficulty in enrolling new users to the system or model training sensitivity to imbalanced datasets. To address these issues, we propose using ECG signals, which are easily accessible in digital healthcare systems, for authentication through an Ensemble Siamese Network (ESN) that can handle small changes in ECG signals. Adding preprocessing for feature extraction to this model can result in superior results. We trained this model on ECG-ID and PTB benchmark datasets, achieving 93.6% and 96.8% accuracy and 1.76% and 1.69% equal error rates, respectively. The combination of data availability, simplicity, and robustness makes it an ideal choice for smart healthcare and telehealth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".