Hepcidin across pregnancy and its correlation with maternal markers of iron and inflammation, maternal body weight outcomes, and offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the correlation between maternal hepcidin and other biomarkers of iron status, markers of inflammation, and maternal body weight during pregnancy, as well as neurodevelopment in the offspring. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were searched from inception until March 2022. Studies conducted among pregnant women without apparent pregnancy complications were included. Eligible studies reported correlation coefficients between maternal hepcidin and any outcomes of maternal biomarkers of iron status or inflammatory load during pregnancy, prenatal maternal body weight, and offspring neurodevelopment. Studies without correlation data were eligible if they quantitatively reported volumes of both maternal hepcidin and any marker of iron status and/or inflammatory load during gestation. Pooled correlation coefficients between maternal hepcidin and outcomes of interest were calculated using the Fisher r-to-Z transformation. Both fixed-effects and DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models were used to calculate pooled correlation coefficient. When meta-analysis was not feasible, results were descriptively synthesized. Forty-six studies with 6624 participants were eligible. Hepcidin was significantly correlated with hemoglobin in the third trimester (r=0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.1–0.32); ferritin in the first (r=0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.61) and third trimester (r=0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.23–0.48); soluble transferrin receptor in the second trimester (r=−0.27; 95% confidence interval, −0.4 to −0.14); total iron-binding capacity in the second trimester (r=0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.50); and serum iron in the third trimester (r=0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.02–0.19). Hepcidin was significantly correlated with the inflammatory marker interleukin-6 in the third trimester (r=0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.17–0.34) and C-reactive protein in the second (r=0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.30) and third trimester (r=0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.04–0.52). Four out of 5 studies reported weak-to-moderate positive correlation between hepcidin and body mass index. Hepcidin levels varied across body mass index categories. No single study reported the relationship between maternal hepcidin and neurodevelopment in offspring. Hepcidin weakly to moderately correlates with biomarkers of iron and inflammation in pregnancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.029 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".