Comparison of Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine versus Tramadol as Adjuvants to Caudal Ropivacaine in Infraumbilical Surgeries among Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Double Blind Interventional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of 0.2% ropivacaine with Dexmedetomidine (2 g/kg) and tramadol (2 mg/kg) among pediatric patients undergoing infra umbilical surgery.Material and Methods: This hospital based, randomized double blind interventional study included 60 pediatric patients, aged 1–7 years, having American Society of Anaesthesiology grade I and II, weighing 7-25 kg, and undergoing infraumbilical surgeries under general anesthesia. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either: 2 mcg/ kg of Dexmedetomidine or 2 mg/kg of Tramadol, as adjuvant to 0.2% of Ropivacaine. Pain intensity was assessed using the pediatric observational Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) score. Rescue analgesia was given, when the CHEOPS score was ≥6. Duration of analgesia was defined as: the time period between administrations of block until rescue analgesia was given. Level of sedation was assessed by the Ramsay sedation score.Results: Kaplan Meier analysis showed that the median time to first rescue analgesia (duration of analgesia) was significantly (p-value<0.001) prolonged with Dexmedetomidine (780 minutes; 95% CI: 760.68–799.32 minutes) as compared to Tramadol (648 minutes; 95% CI: 635.92–660.38 minutes). Mean emergence time and duration of sedation were also significantly prolonged with Dexmedetomidine as compared to Tramadol.Conclusion: In pediatric patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries, Dexmedetomidine as adjuvant to Ropivacaine provides an advantage of longer post-operative analgesia and lack of opioid related adverse events associated with Tramadol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".