Medication Use Status and Its Related Factors among Older Adults in Kerman, Iran
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Older adults are the largest group of medication users in each society. Since medications act differently in seniors compared with younger patients, great considerations are required regarding the effects and side effects of medications in the older adults. The present study aimed to determine the status of medication use and its related factors among older adults in Kerman city, Iran. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 388 seniors were selected using multistage cluster sampling from the population covered by comprehensive health centers in Kerman in 2021. Demographic information questions (age, gender, education level, marital status, life status, substance abuse, income, and health insurance status), a question regarding medication usage status and a question regarding disease that the elderly are currently suffering from, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS software by running Chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. Results: The average number of medications used per day was 4.59 and 53.5% of the participants used five or more medications concomitantly. Antihypertensive medications had the highest prevalence (64.3%) followed by anti-hyperlipidemic (43.6%) and Supplements (41.3%). A significant correlation was found between the participants' frequency of medication use and their gender, income, primary insomnia, and cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). However, medication use had no significant association with the senior's age, marital status, education level, living status, substance abuse, and health insurance (p < 0.05). The risk of polypharmacy was 2.15 times higher in the elderly women than men (p = 0.001) and 0.45 times higher in participants with depression than non-depressed seniors (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The high prevalence of polypharmacy indicates an unfavorable status of medication use among older adults in Kerman. So, authorities are required to provide educational information about polypharmacy to aged groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".