White Matter Hyperintensity Trajectories in Patients With Progressive and Stable Mild Cognitive Impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objectives: White matter hyperintensities are pathological brain changes that are associated with increased age and cognitive decline. However, the association of white matter hyperintensity burden with amyloid positivity and conversion to dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is unclear. The aim of the current study was to expand on this research by examining whether change in white matter hyperintensity burden over time differs in amyloid-negative (Aβ-) and amyloid-positive (Aβ+) people with MCI who either remain stable or convert to dementia. To examine this question, we compared regional white matter hyperintensity burden in four groups: amyloid positive (Aβ+) progressor, amyloid negative (Aβ–) progressor, amyloid positive (Aβ+) stable, and amyloid negative (Aβ–) stable. Methods: Participants with MCI from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were included if they had APOE ɛ4 status and if amyloid measures were available to determine amyloid status (i.e., amyloid positive, or amyloid negative). Participants with a baseline diagnosis of MCI, had APOE ɛ4 information and amyloid measures were included. An average of 5.7 follow-up timepoints per participant were included, with a total of 5054 follow-up timepoints with a maximum follow-up duration of 13 years. Differences in total and regional white matter hyperintensity burden were examined using linear mixed-effects models. Results: A total of 820 participants (55-90 years of age) were included in the study (Aß+ Progressor, n= 239; Aß– Progressor, n= 22; Aß+ Stable, n= 343; Aß– Stable, n= 216). People who were Aß– stable exhibited reduced baseline white matter hyperintensities compared to Aß+ progressors and Aß+ stable at all regions of interest (β belongs to [.20 –.33], CI belongs to [.03 –.49], p<.02), except Deep white matter hyperintensities. When examining longitudinal results, compared to Aß– stable, all groups had steeper accumulation in white matter hyperintensity burden with Aß+ progressors (β belongs to [-.03–.06], CI belongs to [-.05–.09], p<.01) having the largest increase (i.e., largest increase in white matter hyperintensity accumulation over time). Discussion: These results indicate that white matter hyperintensity accumulation contributes to conversion to dementia in older adults with mild cognitive impairment who are amyloid-positive and negative people.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".