The Effect of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Oil Capsule on Postpartum Pain in Multiparous Women: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background & aim: Postpartum pain is a problem of women after delivery, which increase in multiparous women. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs to control postpartum pain and the individuals' tendency to use herbal medicine, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil capsule on postpartum pain in multiparous women.Methods: This triple-blind randomized clinical trial examined 90 multiparous women two hours after a normal vaginal delivery, who had a moderate to severe postpartum pain at maternity ward of Ommolbanin Hospital, Mashhad, Iran in 2021. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups including intervention, placebo, and control group. A capsule of evening primrose oil or placebo was given to the subjects every 8 hours for up to 4 doses. The control group received routine medication (acetaminophen). Pain severity was measured one hour before and after each intervention using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and McGill Pain Questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out by Kruskal-Wallis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square and exact Chi-square tests using SPSS software (Ver. 16).Results: The mean severity of postpartum pain after intervention in the group received evening primrose oil capsule had a significant decrease versus placebo and control groups (P <0.001) and no side effects in the intervention group was observed.Conclusion: Evening primrose oil was effective in reducing the severity of postpartum pain in multiparous. So it seems that it could be recommended as a safe medication for postpartum pain relief in multiparous women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".