Gravity-flow deposits and implications for unconventional oil and gas in the Ordovician–Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin, South China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Ordovician–Silurian black shales in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation within the Sichuan Basin, South China, have yielded the largest shale gas production in China. Such black shales are commonly agreed as being deposited in deep-water shelf facies. This study integrates a series of data sets, including outcrops, cores, wire-line logs, fullbore formation microimager (FMI) data, and seismic data, and finds that sedimentary gravity-flow deposits were developed, intercalating with black shales. Turbidites, slumps, and slides, are widely developed in the Sichuan Basin. Turbidites are featured with typical Bouma sequence, groove clasts, and sole marks at bases of sandy intervals. The binary and parallel interbedding of muddy and sandy laminations and convolute laminations can be decently recognized on FMI loggings. Slumps show deformed fabrics, and slides display sparse slickensides on cores and FMI loggings. The occurrence of turbidite, slump, and slide deposits supports the assumption that the paleogeography changed from shelf to slope to bathyal plain, therefore challenging the currently dominating arguments that deep-water shelf is prevalent, and shales are solely developed. Slumps and turbidites are developed along all the uplifts surrounding the Sichuan Basin, suggesting sediments containing silt and sand were sourced from these uplifts and transported basinward. Muddy sediments were gradually unloaded on shelf and slope, whereas silty and sandy sediments were accelerated along slopes due to gravity, and then settled in bathyal plain. More sediment gravity deposits could be reasonably inferred in the basin center and hence, may provide new implications for hydrocarbon exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".