Microscale investigation of the anisotropic swelling of cartilage tissue and cells in response to hypo‐osmotic challenges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tissue swelling represents an early sign of osteoarthritis, reflecting osmolarity changes from iso- to hypo-osmotic in the diseased joints. Increased tissue hydration may drive cell swelling. The opposing cartilages in a joint may swell differently, thereby predisposing the more swollen cartilage and cells to mechanical injuries. However, our understanding of the tissue-cell interdependence in osmotically loaded joints is limited as tissue and cell swellings have been studied separately. Here, we measured tissue and cell responses of opposing patellar (PAT) and femoral groove (FG) cartilages in lapine knees exposed to an extreme hypo-osmotic challenge. We found that the tissue matrix and most cells swelled during the hypo-osmotic challenge, but to a different extent (tissue: <3%, cells: 11%-15%). Swelling-induced tissue strains were anisotropic, showing 2%-4% stretch and 1%-2% compression along the first and third principal directions, respectively. These strains were amplified by 5-8 times in the cells. Interestingly, the first principal strains of tissue and cells occurred in different directions (60-61° for tissue vs. 8-13° for cells), suggesting different mechanisms causing volume expansion in the tissue and the cells. Instead of the continuous swelling observed in the tissue matrix, >88% of cells underwent regulatory volume decrease to return to their pre-osmotic challenge volumes. Cell shapes changed in the early phase of swelling but stayed constant thereafter. Kinematic changes to tissue and cells were larger for PAT cartilage than for FG cartilage. We conclude that the swelling-induced deformation of tissue and cells is anisotropic. Cells actively restored volume independent of the surrounding tissues and seemed to prioritize volume restoration over shape restoration. Our findings shed light on tissue-cell interdependence in changing osmotic environments that is crucial for cell mechano-transduction in swollen/diseased tissues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".