Multimodality Cardiac Imaging, Cardiac Symptoms, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Who Recovered from Mild COVID-19
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Many individuals have persistent cardiac symptoms after mild COVID-19 infection. However, studies assessing the relationship between symptoms and cardiac imaging are limited. Purpose To assess the relationship between multimodality cardiac imaging parameters, cardiac symptoms, and clinical outcomes in patients who recovered from mild COVID-19 compared with COVID-19–negative controls. Materials and Methods Patients who underwent polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 from August 2020 to January 2022 were invited to participate in this prospective single-center study. Participants underwent cardiac MRI, echocardiography, and assessment of cardiac symptoms at 3–6 months after SARS-CoV-2 testing. Cardiac symptoms and outcomes were also evaluated at a 12–18-month follow-up time point. Statistical analysis included the Fisher exact test and logistic regression. Results This study included 122 participants who recovered from COVID-19 (mean age, 42 years ± 13 [SD]; 73 female) and 22 controls who tested negative for COVID-19 (mean age, 46 years ± 16; 13 female). At 3–6 months, 20% (24 of 122) and 44% (54 of 122) of participants with COVID-19 had at least one abnormality at echocardiography and cardiac MRI, respectively, which did not differ compared with controls (23% [five of 22], P = .77 and 41% [nine of 22], P = .82, respectively). However, participants with COVID-19 more frequently reported cardiac symptoms at 3–6 months compared with controls (48% [58 of 122] vs 23% [five of 22], P = .04). An increase in native T1 (10 msec) was associated with increased odds of cardiac symptoms at the 3–6-month (odds ratio [OR], 1.09 [95% CI: 1.00, 1.19]; P = .046) and 12–18-month (OR, 1.14 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.28]; P = .028) time points. No major adverse cardiac events occurred during follow-up. Conclusion Participants who recovered from mild COVID-19 reported increased cardiac symptoms 3–6 months after diagnosis compared with controls, but the prevalence of abnormalities at echocardiography and cardiac MRI did not differ between groups. Elevated native T1 was associated with cardiac symptoms 3–6 months and 12–18 months after mild COVID-19. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".