Enriched Rehabilitation Reduces Abnormal Motor Synergies and Enhances Motor Plasticity Following Severe Stroke in Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stroke results in loss of upper motor neuron control over voluntary movements and emergence of abnormal synergies. Presently, it is unclear to what extent poststroke recovery reflects true recovery (restitution), compensation, or some combination of these processes. Here, we investigated this question using behavioral and kinematic analyses of skilled reaching in rats subjected to severe stroke that affected both the forelimb motor cortex and dorsolateral striatum. METHODS: After stroke, male rats either spontaneously recovered or received enriched rehabilitation. We assessed forelimb motor recovery using behavioral and kinematic outcome measures. To provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of rehabilitation on behavior, we used intracortical microstimulation and FosB (protein fosB) immunostaining techniques. RESULTS: Enriched rehabilitation significantly improved food pellet retrieval in the staircase-reaching task. Rehabilitation resulted in several poststroke flexion synergies returning to prestroke patterns, and across subjects, these changes correlated with the intensity of rehabilitation. Enriched rehabilitation increased the proportion of distal movement representation in the perilesional cortex and increased use-dependent activation in the ipsilesional red nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that enriched rehabilitation enhances recovery, at least in part, by restitution of forelimb function following severe stroke. Furthermore, the restitution of function is associated with changes in multiple motor-related structures at different levels of the central nervous system. A better understanding of the processes that underlie improved motor performance, along with the identification of midbrain circuits activated by rehabilitation, represent new insights and potential targets for optimizing poststroke recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".