Post‐Sunset Field‐Line Resonances at Equatorial Latitudes Observed by Swarm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study employing data from the Swarm satellites at an altitude of ≈500 km, we present evidence of field‐line resonances (FLRs) in the Pc2‐3 (0.02–0.2 Hz) frequency band in the undisturbed post‐sunset region of the equatorial ionosphere. We identify 26 events extending to magnetic latitudes as low as 2°, which was previously thought to be too low for FLRs to exist due to ionospheric damping. Identification of FLRs is supported by a narrow‐band fundamental and first harmonics, an oscillating field‐aligned Poynting vector, a relative phase shift between E and δB of ≈90°, and in one case observation of one wave in conjugate hemispheres by two satellites separated by 4 min. We show that, contrary to the non‐uniform trend of ground‐based observations, the fundamental frequencies of these occurrences decline monotonically with increasing field‐line length. Their frequencies differ from those of ground‐based magnetometer observations reported in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".