Multifunctional nanocrystalline cellulose ionogels toward tough and sustainable materials
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Design and fabrication of sustainable cellulose-based ionogels with good mechanical properties have attracted increasing research interest; however, most current developed ionogels show limited processibility and functionality. Here, we report the development of tough and multifunctional ionogels by mixing nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) into ionic liquid (IL), where the partial solvation of NCCs enables the formation of ionogels with varied NCC loadings. Partially solvated NCCs (PS-NCCs) have high-crystallinity domains offering rigidity, surrounded by cellulose chains enabling flexibility and energy dissipation. The NCC ionogel can achieve a high Young’s modulus (∼44 MPa), toughness (∼34 kJ m−2), and stretchability (∼870% strain), while also exhibiting thermal-triggered self-healing, stiffness transition, shape memory, and conductivity-changing properties. The NCC ionogels show their potential to work as multifunctional platforms for advanced applications, including grippers, temperature sensors, and three-dimensional printing. In addition, the IL in the ionogel is recyclable, and the ionogel can be degraded in natural environmental conditions, further enhancing its sustainability.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it