Bibliographic record
Abstract
L’article étudie la genèse des idées du linguiste polonais Jan Baudouin de Courtenay sur le mélange des langues dans le contexte de la contestation de l’école des néo-grammairiens à la fin du xixe siècle. Originaire de la Pologne alors sous administration russe, Baudouin s’est illustré surtout dans le monde universitaire et académique russe, il est bien connu pour son rôle dans les activités du Cercle de Kazan (1875-1883) où est née la conception du phonème, mais son activité embrasse bien d’autres domaines. Au début de sa carrière, il suit la doctrine des néo-grammairiens, mais c’est pour s’en détacher ensuite quand il est confronté à l’îlot slavophone de Resia, dans le Frioul italien, matière de sa thèse monumentale Essai de phonétique des parlers de Resia (1875), écrite sous l’influence de Graziado Ascoli. Baudouin pense déceler en ces dialectes slaves un substrat finno-ougrien-turc d’où résulterait un mélange de langues ; il rejoint ainsi Hugo Schuchardt pour qui toute langue résulte d’un mélange, et Nikolaj Marr qui défendait l’hybridation de toutes les langues. Il a pu ainsi susciter de nombreuses autres études consacrées aux contacts, échanges et mélanges de langues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".