FDTD Analysis of the Sagnac Effect Employed in the Global Positioning System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This communication proposes a full-wave analysis of the Sagnac effect by using a direct finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach, where the source, observer, and dielectric medium are moving. The Sagnac effect is employed in the global positioning system (GPS) to obtain the correct location of a receiver. This effect occurs on the downlink time, joining a satellite and the receiver, due to the rotation of the Earth. Different numerical analyses are carried out with the FDTD method, by using, for example, an air-filled metallic ring waveguide or a ring microstrip line. For problems that include a moving dielectric medium, a technique for the implementation of Fresnel–Lorentz drag effect is proposed. The obtained results agree with the experiments reported in the literature. This work has potential applications for the design of electromagnetic gyroscopes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".