The Effect of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the Feed Solution on the Water and Reverse Solute Fluxes in the Forward Osmosis (FO) Process Using Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in the forward osmosis (FO) process to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater is an emerging concept. Unlike NF, FO does not require an external driving force. Although the product, a dilute draw solution, must further be processed by NF to produce pure water and reconcentrate a draw solution, the feed to that NF process is “clean”, which minimizes membrane fouling. This paper examines the role of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the feed solution on the water and the reverse solute fluxes in FO process using novel thin film nanocomposite (TFN) NF membranes. The TFN membranes were fabricated by in situ interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC) containing different amounts of dispersed halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) nanoparticles functionalized with the first generation of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. The presence of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the feed solution decreased the reverse flux of MgCl2 by at least 2.5 times compared to the experiments with pure water as a feed. Simultaneously, the water flux also increased. The corresponding rejections of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the FO process ranged from 94.5% to 98.1%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it