The Eagle, the Bell, and other Fragments from the Intersecting Stories of Queen Anne's Chapel and Fort Hunter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Eagle, the Bell, and other Fragments from the Intersecting Stories of Queen Anne's Chapel and Fort Hunter James W. Bradley (bio) and James B. Richardson III (bio) Background Although established for fundamentally varied reasons, the stories of Queen Anne's Chapel and Fort Hunter have been intertwined from the beginning. In June 1701, William III, the Protestant King of England, established by Royal Charter a new organization, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (hereafter SPG). The new society had two main aims: to strengthen Christian ministry among English people overseas and to evangelize of the non-Christian peoples of the world, especially in North America. In part, this was a response to the remarkable success French Jesuits had had among Indian peoples. It was also part of a broader plan to bring English manners and customs to the wayward colonies in America.1 This fit well with plans of the governor of New York at the time. Richard Coote, First Earl of Bellomont, was a devoted Anglican and a strong advocate for a missionary presence among the neighboring Mohawks, the easternmost of the Five Nations. He was also a good imperial agent. The primary purpose of Coote's 1700 plan was to build an English fort in Indian country, one with "100 Souldiers constantly in Garison … employed in making tar and pitch during peace time." Hopefully, Coote continued, "this would draw some English families thither and maybe a minister as well." Although Coote's's plan was derailed by New York's chaotic politics during the first decade of the eighteenth century, everyone agreed on the need to have a fort somewhere in Mohawk territory. Especially as renewed hostilities with the French began in 1702 (Queen Anne's War), it was vital to have a marker of English imperial claims to the Mohawk Valley.2 [End Page 136] After William III's death, his successor Queen Anne continued to support the SPG, sponsoring the publication of An Account of the Society in 1706 and encouraging Anglican priests to relocate to New York. The Reverend Thomas Barclay, "a priest of greater vision" than his predecessors, arrived in Albany in 1708 and began to visit the eastern Mohawk town known as Tionontogue. At this time the Anglican Church did not exist beyond New York City. Although a few priests had begun missionary efforts in Albany, there was no established Anglican Church, and there was little support for one. Most of the Anglo-Dutch inhabitants remained strongly tied to their Dutch Reformed heritage. The first Anglian Church, St. Peter's in Albany, would not be established until 1715, and its building was not completed two years after that.3 A pivotal event occurred in the spring of 1710 when the visit to London of the renowned "Four Indian Kings" took place. Engineered by Peter Schuyler, mayor of Albany, and Col. Francis Nicholson (an active member of the Society), the real goal of the visit was to raise interest in another invasion of Canada after the embarrassing failure of the previous attempt in 1709.4 As a public relations event, the trip was successful and raised significant public and royal support. In their address to Queen Anne on April 19, the four representatives followed Schuyler's script and asked for military assistance as well as Anglican missionaries. The Queen was deeply moved by these exotic and dignified men and, although the documentary trail is thin in terms of written instructions, several follow-up commands were issued. On May 2, the "Indian Sachems" sent a reply, undoubtedly drafted by Schuyler and Nicolson, expressing their "great satisfaction" in accepting the proposals prepared for the Queen. As John Lydekker reports, "The Queen supported the Society's proposals and gave orders for the erection of a fort in Mohawk country" but does not cite a specific reference for this in the SPG archives.5 When Schuyler and his delegation returned from London in May, they found a new political landscape. Three years earlier, England and Scotland had merged to become Great Britain through the Acts of Union signed in May 1707. In June 1710, the newly appointed [End Page 137] governor...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".