Disintegration: Dynamics and Polemics of Umayyad and Abbasid Leadership
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background. The Umayyad dynasty was the beginning of absolute monarchy in the Islamic concept of government. Muawiyah as the founder of the dynasty actually adopted from the two previous great empires of Byzatium and Persia. Purpose. The aim of the Umayyad rule was to develop science. At the end of the Umayyad rule, around the seventh century, there were a number of revolts throughout the country. Method. The writing of this article uses the manuscript review method, in this writing is the Disintegration of the Umayyad Dynasty and the Abbasid Dynasty in the Years 1000 - 1250 AD. the source used is secondary data where the author uses literature obtained from literature studies to several journals, books, and trusted articles. Writing with a study of several sources of books or journals is intended to get more complex data to make one complete writing. Results. In the first period, the Abbasid dynasty faced many challenges and disturbances. Several political movements that undermined the government and destabilized it appeared everywhere, both internal movements of the Abbas family itself and from outside. Conclusion. The situation of the Abbasid dynasty before the disintegration was relatively stable, the situation was seen that all the problems faced in the early period could be resolved properly. It is even famous in history that the first period of the Abbasid dynasty was a period of progress, where all lines of life experienced rapid progress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".