A Waveguide Resonator Sensor for Bacterial Growth Monitoring: Towards Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the current landscape of inappropriate antibiotic use leading to antimicrobial resistance, research on Bacterial Growth Monitoring (BGM) and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) methods has gained major importance. This paper proposes a waveguide resonator biosensor for real-time and non-contact BGM with future application in AST. The sensor operated based on creating a resonant section sandwiched between two inductive irises. The resonant section consisted of an opening through which the bacterial sample in the test tube in placed, creating material perturbations. Bacteria growth caused alterations in the complex permittivity of the resonant section, changing the resonant characteristics that were monitored in the reflection coefficient of the waveguide. Experimental results indicatedã6.7 dB increase in the magnitude of the reflection coefficient for the growth of 50 µL of E. coli in 5 mL of Luria-Bertani (LB) broth at 37 °C, over a period of 12 hours. To evaluate the capability for AST, investigations were extended to monitor the bacterial growth trends in the presence of different antibiotic concentrations in the media. The observed trends in the S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> data demonstrated a relationship between bacterial growth rates and concentrations of antibiotics (in the growth media), promising the potential of the proposed sensor as an effective AST method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".