Contemporary interventions for secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
: Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces continues to be a common problem faced by thoracic surgeons. There are multiple etiologies that result in the development of a secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces. Some of these are congenital in origin and others are acquired. However, emphysema from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains the leading cause and as such this paper will primarily focus on pneumothorax resulting from this entity. The past decade has seen several advances in thoracic surgery. These advances include the introduction of endobronchial interventions, new pleurodesis agents and surgical approaches. With the multitude of options available, it can be challenging to decide what the ideal management strategy should be. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the various management strategies and when best to employ them. This paper will also provide a review of the literature around the newer technologies that are being employed and the success rates of each of them. Specifically, the paper will review endobronchial therapies, different chemical pleurodesis agents and the role of video assisted thoracic surgery. The latest guidelines regarding the management of secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces will also be reviewed. Lastly, key points and take-home messages will be provided. This paper hopes to provide a quick and informative read for cardiothoracic trainees and early career surgeons in the management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".