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Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
William M. Gardner, Christian Razo, Theresa A. McHugh, Hailey Hagins, Victor M. Vilchis-Tella, Conor Hennessy, Heather Jean Taylor, Nandita Perumal, Kia Fuller, Kelly Cercy, Leo Zoeckler, Catherine S Chen, Stephen S Lim, Amirali Aali, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Sherief Abd‐Elsalam, Getachew Abebe, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Girma Beressa Aboye, Yonas Derso Abtew, Manfred Accrombessi, Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane, Tigist Demssew Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Daniel A Adeyinka, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad U. Afzal, Saira Afzal, Rina Agustina, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Tarik A. Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Nazmul Alam, Astawus Alemayehu, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Rami H. Al‐Rifai, Khalid A Altirkawi, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Yasser Sami Amer, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Hubert Amu, Tadele Fentabil Anagaw, Robert Ancuceanu, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Michael B. Arndt, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Tahira Ashraf, Melash Belachew Asresie, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Avinash Aujayeb, Andargie Abate Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou‐Khyavy, B B Darshan, Alaa Badawi, Ashish Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Palash Chandra Banik, Abere Tilahun Bantie, Ronald D. Barr, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul‐Monim Batiha, Tahmina Begum, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Luı́s Belo, Isabela M. Benseñor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Boris Bikbov, Sk Masum Billah, Jessica Devin Bishai, Saeid Bitaraf, Archith Boloor, Katrin Burkart, Daniela Călina, Francieli Cembranel, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ju‐Huei Chien, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eunice Chung, Michael H Criqui, Natália Martins, Omid Dadras, Gizachew Worku Dagnew, Xiaochen Dai, Hadi Danawi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Saswati Das, Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Markos Desalegn Desalegn, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Gashaw Dessie, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Daniel Díaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, M Ashworth Dirac, Mengistie Diress, Saeid Doaei, Milad Dodangeh, Paul Narh Doku, Deepa Dongarwar, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Hisham Atan Edinur, Michael Ekholuenetale, Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El‐Huneidi, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Habitu Birhan Eshetu, Samuel B Ewald, Rana Ezzeddini, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Florian Fischer, Ryan Fitzgerald, Masoud Foroutan, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Gaidhane, Santosh Gaihre, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Yaseen Galali, Nasrin Galehdar, Priyanka Garg, Tushar Garg, Yosef Haile Gebremariam, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Berhe Gebremichael, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Urge Gerema, Lemma Getacher, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Sherief Ghozy, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Alessandra C. Goulart, Girma Garedew Goyomsa, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Zewdie Gudisa, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Rahul Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Asif Hanif, Md. Abdul Hannan, Harapan Harapan, Mehdi Harorani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Hadi Hassankhani, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Sonja Y. Hess, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Sheikh Jamal Hossain, Kaveh Hosseini, Mohammad‐Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Linda Merin J, Elham Jamshidi, Manthan D Janodia, Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Rime Jebai, Bedru Jemal, Angeline Jeyakumar, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Laleh R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Himal Kandel, Tesfaye K Kanko, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Faizan Kashoo, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H. Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Nauman Khalid, Mohammad Khammarnia, Imteyaz Ahmad Khan, Moien AB Khan, Khaled Khatab, Zaher Khazaei, Jagdish Khubchandani, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kısa, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Mohammed Kuddus, G Anil Kumar, Naveen Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Om Kurmi, Oluwatosin Kuti, Iván Landires, Anders Larsson, Zohra S Lassi, Kamaluddin Latief, Avula Laxmaiah, Caterina Ledda, Sang Hyuck Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Xuefeng Liu, László Lorenzovici, Vanessa Machado, Preetam Mahajan, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Elham Mahmoudi, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Sahar Masoudi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, John Robert C. Medina, Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez, José João Mendes, Walter Mendoza, Oliver Mendoza‐Cano, Alexios‐Fotios A. Mentis, Haftu Asmerom, Tomislav Meštrović, Tomasz Miazgowski, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Andreea Mirică, Moonis Mirza, Sanjeev Misra, Dara K. Mohammad, Shadieh Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H. Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Delaram Moosavi, Maryam Moradi, Abbas Mosapour, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Temesgen Muche, Francesk Mulita, Getaneh Baye Mulu, Christopher J L Murray, Ana-Maria Mușină, Ghulam Mustafa, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Hasan Nassereldine, Zuhair S. Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shumaila Naz, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Georges Nguefack‐Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Robina Khan Niazi, Maryam Noori, Ali Nowroozi, Dieta Nurrika, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Mohammed Mohammed Suleiman Suleiman Obsa, Julius Nyerere Odhiambo, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Hassan Okati‐Aliabad, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Adeolu Oladunjoye, Olubunmi Omotola Oladunjoye, Andrew T Olagunju, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Ahmed Omar Bali, Abidemi Omonisi, Alberto Ortíz, Mayowa Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Reza Pakzad, Tamás Palicz, Anamika Pandey, Apurva Kumar Pandya, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Ashish Pathak, Aslam Pathan, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Gavin Pereira, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Brandon V. Pickering, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Ibrahim Qattea, Fakher Rahim, Mehran Rahimi, Azizur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Rajesh Kumar, Ivano Raimondo, Sathish Rajaa, Pradhum Ram, Juwel Rana, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Rabail Zehra Raza, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Toby Richards, Jennifer Rickard, Jefferson Antonio Buendía, Leonardo Roever, Gholamreza Roshandel, Bedanta Roy, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Malihe Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Rocco Santoro, Itamar S Santos, Maheswar Satpathy, Binyam Tariku Seboka, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Melika Shafeghat, Pritik A Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew, Purva Sharma, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Suchitra Shenoy, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Jeevan K. Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Jae Il Shin, Siddharudha Shivalli, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Mustafa Kamal Sikder, Ali Reza Sima, Wudneh Simegn, Ambrish Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Yordanos Sisay, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Yonatan Solomon, Yi Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Parminder S. Suchdev, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Saima Sultana, Mindy D Szeto, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Zemenu Tamir, Ker‐Kan Tan, Md. Tariqujjaman, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Nathan Y Tat, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Rekha Thapar, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Bereket Molla Tigabu, Amir Tiyuri, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Abdurezak Umer, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual Valdéz, Priya Vart, Shoban Babu Varthya, Siavash Vaziri, Madhur Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Dominique Vervoort, Linh Gia Vu, Birhanu Wagaye, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Melat Woldemariam, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Gedif Ashebir Wubetie, Xiaoyue Xu, Kheirollah Yari, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yiğit, Eshetu Yisihak, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Melissa Young, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Leila Zaki, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Iman Zare, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Peng Zheng, Mohammad Zoladl, Nicholas J Kassebaum
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet Haematology · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicIron Metabolism and Disorders
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaNational Health and Medical Research CouncilDirectorate for Biological SciencesUniwersytet OpolskiGeorge Institute for Global HealthMadda Walabu UniversitySydney Medical SchoolMinderoo FoundationARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life CourseShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesLingnan UniversityKurdistan University Of Medical SciencesLorestan University of Medical SciencesUniversity of ThessalyAlexandria UniversityUniversity of ColomboNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, RaebareliJawaharlal Institute Of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchUniversity of PeradeniyaXiamen UniversityUniversity of the RyukyusDire Dawa UniversityZanjan University of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNational Research, Development and Innovation OfficeNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteAlfaisal UniversityUniversity of GondarIlam UniversityUniversitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie "Carol Davila" BucureştiUniversity of SulaimaniMajmaah UniversitySavitribai Phule Pune UniversityShaqra UniversityPomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny W SzczecinieUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisUniversitatea din BucureștiArak University of Medical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownUniversity of California, San DiegoUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaTechnische Universität BerlinDirektorat Jenderal Pendidikan TinggiUniversity of South CarolinaCooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e UniversitárioUniversity of HailUniversidade do PortoCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisEmory UniversityUnited Arab Emirates UniversitySabzevar University of Medical SciencesBangladesh University of Health SciencesCancer Institute NSWShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesGonabad University of Medical SciencesUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoUniversidade de São PauloNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensUniversity of Veterinary and Animal SciencesChinese University of Hong KongCleveland ClinicTaipei Medical UniversityInyuvesi Yakwazulu-NataliUniversiti Sains MalaysiaOulun YliopistoIsfahan University of Medical SciencesUniversiti MalayaAin Shams UniversityShiraz University of Medical SciencesRajiv Gandhi University of Health SciencesUniwersytet ŁódzkiKing Abdulaziz UniversityIlam University of Medical SciencesUniversitas PadjadjaranUniversity of the Western CapeUniversidad Autónoma de SinaloaUniversità di CataniaBundesministerium für GesundheitGachon UniversityAdigrat UniversityUniversitetet i BergenKing Saud UniversityUniversitas Syiah KualaShiraz UniversityNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaHamadan University of Medical SciencesSemmelweis EgyetemDeakin UniversityPublic Health AgencyWollega UniversityUniversiteit StellenboschUniversity of LeedsPublic Health Foundation of IndiaIndian Council of Medical ResearchMasarykova UniverzitaGuilan University of Medical SciencesQazvin University of Medical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchUniversity of TorontoStanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford UniversityMacquarie UniversityKasturba Medical College, ManipalManipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationUniversiteit UtrechtNankai UniversityBanaras Hindu UniversityHøgskulen på VestlandetCoventry UniversityBabol University of Medical SciencesUniversidad de ColimaKarolinska InstitutetUnited Nations Population FundUniversitas IndonesiaUniversity of Technology SydneySalahaddin University-ErbilUppsala UniversitetUniversity of EmbuSamara UniversityJordan University of Science and TechnologyMcMaster UniversityMorehouse School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesAddis Ababa UniversitySultan Qaboos UniversityCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchUniversity of TabrizAhmadu Bello UniversitySouth Eastern Sydney Local Health DistrictNazarbayev UniversityCharles Sturt UniversityStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesBahir Dar UniversitySheffield Hallam UniversityNew Mexico State UniversityTrường Đại học Duy TânApplied Molecular Biosciences UnitIran University of Medical SciencesUniversity of ZanjanFlorida International UniversityAmity UniversityMazandaran University of Medical SciencesZahedan University of Medical SciencesHarvard UniversityUniversity of AberdeenCase Western Reserve UniversityInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshWashington University in St. LouisUniversity of New South WalesDongguk UniversityJazan UniversityU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsAkademiska SjukhusetEkiti State UniversityPublic Health Agency of CanadaAnglia Ruskin UniversityUniversity of CanberraDilla UniversityUniversität BaselCentral Taiwan University of Science and TechnologyBill and Melinda Gates Foundation
KeywordsMedicineBurden of diseaseDisease burdenDemographyPopulationDiseaseDemographicsGlobal healthEnvironmental healthPediatricsPublic healthInternal medicinePathology
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. METHODS: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. FINDINGS: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9-24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89-1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8-28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48-1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1-75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1-612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2-123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4-52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1-85·2) of anaemia YLDs. INTERPRETATION: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.077
Threshold uncertainty score0.152
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.022
GPT teacher head0.302
Teacher spread0.280 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations551
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes