Field observed GCL panel shrinkage for five GCLs in composite liners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Field observed shrinkage was quantified and compared for one geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) type left covered only by a black geomembrane, a white geomembrane, and 0.3 m of gravel cover. Shrinkage is reported for up to 28 months field exposure of an additional four GCLs beneath a black geomembrane. All GCLs were needle-punched geotextile encased: one containing fine granular bentonite, two with powdered bentonite, one with polymer amended granular bentonite, and one multicomponent GCL with a film coating installed film up. All the GCLs examined have the potential to shrink with the magnitude of the shrinkage primarily dependent on the thermal/moisture cycles to which it is subjected and the degree of adhesion between panel overlaps. It is shown that the panel overlap adhesion can be highly variable and this is primarily attributed to condensation of water vapour below geomembrane wrinkles during daily thermal cycles. With a an initial GCL overlap of 300 mm, the shrinkage observed over 28 months left ≥32% of the original overlap; however, if the overlap had been only 150 mm, then gaps or ineffective seams would have occurred for several GCLs. Guidance regarding mitigating GCL panel shrinkage is provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".