Risk factors associated with colistin resistance in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: a multicenter study from a low-income country
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for colistin-resistant carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CR-CPE), and describe the mortality associated with this organism, in a low-income country. Methods A descriptive, observational, and prospective multicenter study was carried out in Guayaquil, Ecuador. All patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales admitted between December 2021 and May 2022 were enrolled. Infection definitions were established according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocols. The presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales was confirmed with a multiplex PCR for bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48, bla VIM, and bla IMP genes. MCR-1 production was studied molecularly, and MLST assays were carried out. Results Out of 114 patients enrolled in the study, 32 (28.07%) had at least one positive sample for CR-CPE. Klebsiella pneumoniae ST512-KPC-3 was the most frequent microorganism isolated. Parenteral feeding, β-lactamase inhibitor use, recent hemodialysis, and renal failure were all considered independent risk factors for carrying CR-CPE. A mortality of 41.22% was detected, but we could not find any difference between colistin-resistant and colistin-susceptible CPE. MCR-1 production was not detected in any of the isolates studied. Conclusion A significant burden for CR-CPE was found in a South American country that was mainly caused by the high-risk clone K. pneumoniae ST512-KPC-3 and not mediated by mcr-1 production. Its acquisition involved parenteral feeding, β-lactamase inhibitor use, recent hemodialysis, and renal failure as independent risk factors, demonstrating the critical need for infection prevention and stewardship programs to avoid dissemination to other countries in the region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".