Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to Canadian anthropologist Wade Davis, "Coca is no more cocaine than potatoes are vodka" (18). 1 He seems to imply that we should disconnect cocaine as an object from its material origin, the coca plant.The reason why he makes such a strong statement is his aversion to the stimulant cocaine and the violent conflict it has given rise to, together with a profound wish to protect the coca plant and the indigenous cultures attached to it.Cocaine was discovered by Albert Niemann, a German graduate student, in 1860.Among critics, the reduction of cocaine to a capitalist commodity is common, as is the veneration of the coca leaf as a raw, natural material-one that carries with it a distinctive spiritual power.Coca and cocaine are thus seen as two entirely different things with separate histories (Britto 14).From such a perspective, the "war on drugs" rhetoric unjustly demonizes both the alkaloid and the plant.Or, to put it differently: the forced eradication of the coca leaf is the consequence of a flawed strategy.Not only should the coca leaf not be reduced to its chemical derivate, cocaine (other uses are increasingly being explored), but also the eradication of the illegal drug traffic should be oriented toward decreasing consumption (in the Global North) instead of destroying production (in Latin America) (Davis 30).Much can be said about this discussion, but first, it is useful to observe that the dichotomy between coca and cocaine breaks down if we take a closer look.The perception of the coca leaf as a "raw material" is problematic.As Adam Drazin states, it is necessary to attack "the myth of rawness," as it seems to be based on the "mistaken notion that materials are more 'natural' than objects" (24).This implies an "ideology of nature," according to which indigenous cultures are portrayed as a pristine territory with immaculate rituals.In fact, the coca plant has always been part of cultural negotiation and gave way to different cultural processes and dynamics from as early as 2000 BC (Davis 24).The coca leaf was already a symbol of power and authority during the Inca empire.Later, yet long before cocaine became a global commodity, the Spanish converted the coca
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".