Comparing the reliability of muscle oxygen saturation with common performance and physiological markers across cycling exercise intensity
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO 2 ) demonstrated good test–retest reliability at rest. We hypothesized SmO 2 measured with the Moxy monitor at the vastus lateralis (VL) would demonstrate good reliability across intensities. For relative reliability, SmO 2 will be lower than volume of oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ) and heart rate (HR), higher than concentration of blood lactate accumulation ([BLa]) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). We aimed to estimate the reliability of SmO 2 and common physiological measures across exercise intensities, as well as to quantify within-participant agreement between sessions. Methods Twenty-one trained cyclists completed two trials of an incremental multi-stage cycling test with 5 min constant workload steps starting at 1.0 watt per kg bodyweight (W·kg −1 ) and increasing by 0.5 W kg −1 per step, separated by 1 min passive recovery intervals until maximal task tolerance. SmO 2 , HR, V̇O 2 , [BLa], and RPE were recorded for each stage. Continuous measures were averaged over the final 60 s of each stage. Relative reliability at the lowest, median, and highest work stages was quantified as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Absolute reliability and within-subject agreement were quantified as standard error of the measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC). Results Comparisons between trials showed no significant differences within each exercise intensity for all outcome variables. ICC for SmO 2 was 0.81–0.90 across exercise intensity. ICC for HR, V̇O 2 , [BLa], and RPE were 0.87–0.92, 0.73–0.97, 0.44–0.74, 0.29–0.70, respectively. SEM (95% CI) for SmO 2 was 5 (3–7), 6 (4–9), and 7 (5–10)%, and MDC was 12%, 16%, and 18%. Discussion Our results demonstrate good-to-excellent test-retest reliability for SmO 2 across intensity during an incremental multi-stage cycling test. V̇O 2 and HR had excellent reliability, higher than SmO 2 . [BLa] and RPE had lower reliability than SmO 2 . Muscle oxygen saturation measured by wearable NIRS was found to have similar reliability to V̇O 2 and HR, and higher than [BLa] and RPE across exercise intensity, suggesting that it is appropriate for everyday use as a non-invasive method of monitoring internal load alongside other metrics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it