Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada's security in the context of our relationship with the United States and the way we think about North American defence is a subject of ongoing discussion and debate.Through this book, Richard Goette offers us a first-row seat to an era that was instrumental in the development of military command and control principles and resulting arrangements between Canada and the United States that endure to this day.These principles not only apply to NORAD but also guide us in renewed discussions about the best way to defend the North American continent while preserving Canadian sovereignty.NORAD was formed initially in response to the single threat of long-range nuclear-armed bombers; sixty years later we now face a far more complete and difficult defence problem.If we only look at modern capabilities that can reach out and threaten North America (loosely defined as the territories, airspace, and maritime approaches to Canada and the United States), it is clear that the three oceans surrounding our continent no longer represent the obstacles to an adversary that they once did.Ballistic missiles, precise and very long-range airand sea-launched cruise missiles, and cyber and space capabilities are all redefining and multiplying potential threats to both our nations.These modern security challenges and the potential solutions they bring raise the very same concerns about sovereignty and command and control arrangements that were dealt with from the onset of the Second World War to the creation of NORAD in 1957.Canadians assigned to NORAD live Canadian sovereignty every day; in defending Canada and the United States we exercise and defend Canadian sovereignty as well.As in the past, our relationship with our US counterparts within the NORAD enterprise remains one of mutual respect and service to both our nations.The fact that we still maintain this type of relationship some sixty years after NORAD's creation is revealing: our history, so eloquently described through this book, is testimony to our achievements and is also an essential compass for the future as we continue to seek solutions to the potential threats that affect both nations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.632 | 0.455 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".