Developing a Performance Curve for Bar-Wrapped Concrete Cylinder Pipe Based on Residual Factor of Safety Methodology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bar-wrapped concrete cylinder pipe (BWCCP) is a semi-rigid pressure pipe designed as a composite structure combining the tensile strength of steel with the compressive strength and corrosion-inhibiting properties of Portland cement mortar. As with any infrastructure component, BWCCP water mains are prone to deterioration due to aging and other influencing factors. Hence, developing a performance curve is a must to ensure proactive asset management is implemented. Although the prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) and BWCCP both belong to the buried concrete pipes category, unlike PCCP, the steel cylinder and the reinforcement bars in the BWCCP composite undergo identical strains governed by common elastic modulus. Once the steel cylinder yields and reaches its ultimate plastic region, the pipe will fail. Therefore, correlating the adopted structural limit states for PCCP in AWWA C304 (serviceability, yield, and strength limit states) to the BWCCP performance under tension conditions may not adequately represent the pipe’s mechanical behavior. Instead, the BWCCP performance curve will adopt the residual factor of safety approach initially to estimate the BWCCP composite behavior under tension conditions. As this paper provides a methodology to assess BWCCP’s distress status in terms of residual factor of safety, pipes with low factor of safety can be identified, and decision-makers are able to allocate municipal renewal budgets to avoid catastrophic failure of BWCCP assets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".