How Anionic Dopants Impact the Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing of Polypyrrole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrochemical additive manufacturing (ECAM), based on meniscus-guided deposition, is an emerging technique for the fabrication of conducting polymers. The ECAM fabrication of polypyrrole entails the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole monomers and additive manufacturing of polymers. Herein, we investigate the 2-naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NSA-a), sodium naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate (NSA-b), and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (Tiron) as anionic dopants for the ECAM processing of polypyrrole. The analysis of the dopants, encompassing the electrochemical tests and electron microscopy measurements coupled with energy-level calculations, provides an insight into the influence of their structure and functional groups on polypyrrole depositions. The increase in the charge/mass ratio of the dopant results in lower deposition potential, higher deposition rate, and reduced particle agglomeration. Atomic force microscopy tests reveal that the employment of Tiron demonstrates improved deformation tolerance with stronger adhesion due to the chelating properties. The high electronic conductivity of Tiron-doped polypyrrole is attributed to multiple −SO 3 – groups, which enhance the interchain mobility of charge carriers. Tiron-doped polypyrrole micropillars are successfully produced via pulling of the meniscus. The findings present an opportunity for the optimization and engineering of ECAM fabrications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".