Bibliographic record
Abstract
Each year, hundreds of Canadians are killed on the job or die from work-related illnesses, while thousands more suffer debilitating injuries, including amputations, broken bones, and burns.Despite the frequency and seriousness of these incidences, they face little public, political, and academic scrutiny and are rarely treated as crimes worthy of criminal justice intervention.Defined away as unfortunate "accidents" -the regrettable but largely unavoidable risks that go along with the pursuit of profit -injury and death in the workplace is an invisible crime (Glasbeek 2002; Tombs and Whyte 2007).Crime is about the perils of guns, gangs, and drugs, or so we are told, not the harms that we experience while trying to earn a living.Given the low priority accorded to workplace injury and death, it was thus significant when, in March 2004, the Canadian government introduced Criminal Code legislation aimed at strengthening corporate criminal liability.1 Bill C-45, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (Criminal Liability of Organizations) (Westray bill), introduced a legal duty for "all persons directing work to take reasonable steps to ensure the safety of workers and the public," attributed criminal liability to an "organization" if a senior officer knew, or ought to have known, about the offence, and introduced sentencing provisions specifically for the organizational setting. 2 Colloquially referred to as the Westray bill, the law's enactment followed the deaths of twenty-six workers at the Westray mine in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, in 1992, a disaster caused by dangerous and illegal working conditions.The federal government declared the Westray bill an important step toward ensuring the accountability of organizations for the actions taken by their
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.538 | 0.355 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".