Public budgeting in developed and developing countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Public budgeting has evolved due to the influence of political and economic ideologies, public management theories, citizen participation, government transparency, and accountability requirements. The budget idea has spread globally from Western Europe due to trade relations and colonialism in Africa, America, and Asia. Sound budget systems remain the focal interest of several European countries, including England, Germany, France, and Sweden. However, other non-European developed countries, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US, have initiated budget innovations that have had an enduring influence on budgetary systems globally. The reforms aim to restructure the budget process to consider multi-annual fiscal budgets, use performance information in budget decisions, and provide access to budget information for citizens in response to transparency and accountability requirements. Although the interconnectedness of global society makes for the spread of the budget idea, countries differ regarding their level of development. Therefore, a comparative study offers lessons in policy and management for improving global public budgeting practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".