Assessment of Acrylamide Formation in Various Iraqi Bread Types and Mitigation of Acrylamide Production by Calcium Carbonate in White Flatbread
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acrylamide is a neuro- and reproductive toxicant to humans and has carcinogenic effects in animal species which naturally forms in high-carbohydrate foods at high (≤121°C) temperatures. This study assessed acrylamide formation in various Iraqi bread types, including whole-wheat flatbread, white flatbread, stone-baked bread, whole-wheat baguette, and white baguette prepared in the selected local bread factories in Baghdad, Iraq, using HPLC assay. Among several types of bread, white flatbread is the most commonly consumed bread in Iraq; therefore, the impact of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), added to the flour at different concentrations: 240, 260, and 280 mg/100 g, in reducing acrylamide concentration only in white flatbread was assessed. Acrylamide was detected at various concentrations in each type of bread tested, with the highest concentration in whole-wheat flatbread (470.2 ± 6.7 μg/kg) followed by stone-baked bread (418.8 ± 6.4 μg/kg), whole-wheat baguette (408.3 ± 9.1 μg/kg), white flatbread (400.9 ± 7.4 μg/kg), and white baguette (362 ± 9.2 μg/kg), respectively. However, after supplementing CaCO3 in white flatbread, a significant <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mfenced open="(" close=")" separators="|"> <a:mrow> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo><</a:mo> <a:mn>0.05</a:mn> </a:mrow> </a:mfenced> </a:math> reduction in acrylamide (219 ± 8.5, 121.8 ± 1.7, and 115 ± 3.4 μg/kg, for the three calcium carbonate concentrations) as compared to the control (308.3 ± 2.9 μg/kg) was observed without impacting the rheological properties of bread. In conclusion, the acrylamide concentration can be reduced by supplementing CaCO3 in the white flatbread without compromising the rheological properties (i.e., dough strength, volume, and water absorption) and overall bread quality. The study results would help to mitigate the risk of toxic effects in humans.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".