Characterization of the Ang/Tie2 Signaling Pathway in the Diaphragm Muscle of DMD Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), angiogenesis appears to be attenuated. Local administration of angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) has been shown to reduce inflammation, ischemia, and fibrosis in DMD mice. Ang1 is a vital vascular stabilizing factor that activates the endothelial cell receptor Tie2, leading to downstream pro-survival PI3K/Akt pathway activation and eNOS phosphorylation. In this study, we aimed to characterize the Ang/Tie2 signaling pathway within the diaphragm muscle of mouse models of DMD. Utilizing ELISA, immunoblots, and RT-qPCR, we demonstrated that Ang1 was downregulated, while the antagonist angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) was upregulated, leading to a decreased Ang1/Ang2 ratio. This correlated with a reduction in the phosphorylated Tie2/total Tie2 ratio. Interestingly, no significant differences in Akt or eNOS phosphorylation were observed, although DMD murine models did have elevated total Akt protein concentrations. These observations suggest that Ang1/Tie2 signaling may be dysregulated in the diaphragm muscle of DMD and further investigations may lead to new therapeutic interventions for DMD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".