Continuous-Flow Microwave Heating Inactivation Kinetics of α-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis and a Comparison with Conventional Heating Conditions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inactivation kinetics of an α-amylase enzymatic time-temperature integrator (TTI) from Bacillus subtilis (BAA) under continuous-flow microwave (MW) and conventional heating conditions were evaluated and compared in this study. The TTI dispersed in a buffer solution (pH 5.0 to 6.9) at 20 °C initially, and it was continuously circulated through two helical coils connected in a series for heating. The two coils were positioned in two domestic microwave ovens (2450 MHz and 1000 W nominal capacity each) and connected by a short tube. The sample flow rates were adjusted to result in a specific exit temperature in the range of 65 to 80 °C. A short fully insulated helical coil at the exit of the second oven was used as a holding tube. Test samples were drawn either at the exit of the second MW oven or immediately after the holding tube. The decimal reduction times obtained under conventional batch heating conditions decreased from 66 to 24 s as the temperature changed from 70 to 75 °C at pH 5.0 while they decreased from 8 to 5 s under MW in the same temperature range, but at pH 6.0, they increased both under conventional and microwave heating conditions (138 to 120 s and 89 to 61 s, respectively). The D-values under conventional thermal holding were four–eight times higher than under a continuous-flow MW heating condition. By varying the pH, the D-values could be modified to suit the validation of appropriate processing conditions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it