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Record W4385820699 · doi:10.1097/cxa.0000000000000160

Managing Adult Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder

2022· article· en· W4385820699 on OpenAlexaffvenue
Burton Ward, Anees Bahji, David Crockford

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Addiction · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Canadian institutionsBritish Columbia Centre on Substance UseUniversity of CalgaryHotchkiss Brain InstituteMemorial University of Newfoundland
Fundersnot available
KeywordsOverdiagnosisPsychiatryComorbidityStimulantAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderMedicineSubstance abuseEtiologyAtomoxetineAttention deficitDual diagnosisSubstance useClinical psychologyMethylphenidatePsychology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT Objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has its onset before 12 years but often persists into adulthood. Adult ADHD is overrepresented in persons with substance use disorders (SUD). Yet, diagnosis is challenging due to proneness to overdiagnosis, where substance use and other etiologies of attentional symptoms are misattributed to ADHD, and underdiagnosis, where symptoms are attributed to substance use alone. Untreated adult ADHD in persons with SUD can lead to worse overall treatment outcomes. Therefore correct diagnosis and the appropriate treatment are essential. Methods: A clinically focused narrative review was conducted to highlight means to identify, diagnose and manage adult ADHD in persons with comorbid SUD. Results: Screening for adult ADHD should start with interview questions and the use of 2 standardized screening instruments. If screening is suggestive, a thorough diagnostic review is required to ensure adult ADHD is diagnosed correctly, addressing aspects of substance intoxication/withdrawal and potential psychiatric comorbidity. Treatment primarily involves pharmacotherapy, but there is significant controversy in persons with comorbid adult ADHD and SUD regarding whether to prescribe nonstimulants versus long-acting stimulants, even though the best evidence supports the long-acting stimulants. Conclusions: Adult ADHD often goes undetected in persons with SUD, necessitating standardized screening in all adults with SUD. After an affirmative diagnostic review, treatment should be initiated with either a long-acting stimulant or a nonstimulant depending on patient characteristics. Follow-up should use screening instruments to measure symptom improvement beyond subjective reports and clinically monitor for any potential substance cravings or relapse. Objectifs: Le trouble de déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDAH) apparaît avant l'âge de 12 ans mais persiste souvent à l'âge adulte. Le TDAH chez l’adulte est surreprésenté chez les personnes atteintes de troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances (TUS). Pourtant, le diagnostic est difficile à établir en raison de la tendance au surdiagnostic, lorsque l’utilisation de substances psychoactives et d’autres étiologies de symptômes attentionnels sont attribuées à tort au TDAH, et au sous-diagnostic, lorsque les symptômes sont attribués à la seule consommation de substances. Le TDAH non traité chez les adultes atteints de TUS peut entraîner une détérioration des résultats globaux du traitement. Par conséquent, un diagnostic juste et un traitement approprié sont essentiels. Méthodes: Un examen narratif centré sur la pratique clinique a été réalisé pour mettre en évidence les moyens d’identifier, diagnostiquer et prendre en charge les adultes souffrant de TDAH avec TUS comorbide. Résultats: Le dépistage du TDAH chez l’adulte doit commencer par des questions d’entrevue et l’utilisation de 2 instruments de dépistage normalisés. Si le dépistage est suggestif, un examen diagnostique approfondi est nécessaire pour s’assurer que le TDAH pour adultes est correctement diagnostiqué, en abordant les aspects d’intoxication/sevrage de substances et la comorbidité psychiatrique potentielle. Le traitement repose principalement sur la pharmacothérapie, mais il existe une controverse importante chez les personnes adultes souffrant d’un TDAH comorbide et d’un TUS quant à la prescription de nonstimulants ou de stimulants à longue durée d’action, même si les meilleures preuves soutiennent les stimulants à longue durée d’action. Conclusions: Le TDAH chez l’adulte n’est souvent pas détecté chez les personnes ayant un TUS et un dépistage standardisé est nécessaire chez tous les adultes atteints de TUS. Après un examen diagnostique positif, le traitement doit être initié à l’aide d’un stimulant à action prolongée ou d’un non-stimulant, selon les caractéristiques du patient. Le suivi doit utiliser des instruments de dépistage pour mesurer l’amélioration des symptômes au-delà des rapports subjectifs et surveiller cliniquement tout besoin potentiel de consommer des substances ou de rechute.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.009
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.004
Threshold uncertainty score0.009

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.009
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.021
GPT teacher head0.250
Teacher spread0.229 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations4
Published2022
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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Same venueThe Canadian Journal of AddictionSame topicAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderFrench-language works237,207