Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the last four decades of the twentieth century, many Canadians had their lives and efforts subordinated to the political and economic imperative of damming rivers to produce hydroelectricity for industry and export.These included Native peoples, environmentalists, and others who opposed Canada's dam-building rush, and also the thousands of construction workers, technical employees, and engineers whose careers were broken when the rush ended in the 1990s.The political and economic leaders responsible for Canada's hydroelectric development policies often dismissed opponents' views in favour of their own claims that provincial electrical systems needed to expand for local industrial transformations and that electricity exports are in Canada's national interest.At the time, the 25,000 employees now laid off by Ontario Hydro, Hydro-Québec, and BC Hydro were often convinced by those claims.A closer examination of the claims reveals, however, that something went wrong with the initial privatizations of hydro resources, with the kind of industrial development the addition of new hydroelectric projects was expected to bring, with the timing and size of the provinces' electrical supply expansion, and with the national and regional initiatives to link these major projects to a trans-Canada power grid.In probing the relationship between hydro expansion, industrial diversification, and the weakening of national power grid initiatives through export of power, I have had to conduct my research at both the federal and provincial levels.This was because the Canadian Constitution assigns the authority to develop natural resources, including hydroelectric power, to the provinces, but gives jurisdiction over trade to the federal government without the authority to unilaterally enforce its policies; thus the federal government must try to achieve consensus among the provinces regarding interprovincial trade and exports to the US.Federal Cabinet records, engineering and economic assessments, federalprovincial conferences and negotiations, and studies of provincial utilities
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.552 | 0.355 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".