Life Cycle and Damage Patterns of Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse), a Newly Recorded Pest on Arabica coff ee in Northern Thailand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The symptoms of “shot hole leaves” and “excess bud growth” in Arabica coffee have signifi cantly increased in northern Thailand since 2017, resulting in the death of shoots and reduced fl owering, ultimately leading to yield loss. This study investigates whether the “shot hole leaves” symptom is caused by the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) by rearing tea mosquito bugs with coffee and reproducing the same symptoms under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, we examine whether the “shot hole leaves” symptom is associated with the “excess bud growth” symptom in the fi eld. Our results show that H. theivora can complete their life cycle on Arabica coffee trees. Female bugs lay an average of 87.60±41.82 eggs underneath the soft tissue near young leaves on coffee branches, with a hatching rate of 73.97±6.69%, and an average incubation period of 8.20±0.97 days. The longevity of the fi rst to fi fth nymphal stages was 4.02±1.58, 3.36±0.93, 3.27±0.74, 3.23±0.96, and 3.83±1.18 days, respectively. The adult bugs had a lifespan ranging from 2 to 24 days, with an average of 11.61±7.89 days. The “shot hole leaves” symptom appear approximately 14 days after H. theivora begin feeding on young coffee shoots. We found that the bud number is signifi cantly higher on twigs with the symptom, indicating that both symptoms are caused by H. theivora. The study concludes by discussing control practices of H. theivora on coffee trees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".