Effect of sea cage aquaculture on the length, weight, and condition of wild Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wild fish have been shown to associate with sea cage aquaculture and consume waste feed; however, little is known about the effects of waste feed consumption on wild fish. We used Atlantic cod Gadus morhua collected in the direct vicinity of sea cages and reference Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization divisions, either outside the direct vicinity (‘local division’) or completely removed from aquaculture (‘outside divisions’), to compare length, weight, and condition for cod ages 2 to 4. Concentrations of vegetable oil-based fatty acids (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) were then used as biomarkers for waste feed consumption to determine their role in explaining differences in length, weight, and Fulton’s condition index among cage-associated cod. Age 2 cage-associated cod were in lower condition than age 2 cod from the local division and lighter than age 2 cod from all outside divisions. Age 3 cage-associated cod were comparable to age 3 cod from the local division but in lower condition than age 3 cod from all outside divisions. However, age 4 cage-associated cod were longer and heavier than age 4 cod from the local division, but in lower condition than age 4 cod from 2 of 3 outside divisions. Additionally, there were positive relationships between fatty acid concentrations and length and weight for age 2 cage-associated cod, but no significant relationships for age 3 or 4 cage-associated cod. Results suggest the effects of waste feed consumption are contradictory but not consistent enough to disrupt established growth and condition patterns among divisions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".