Appliances Operation Modes Identification Using States Clustering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasing cost, energy demand, and environmental issues have led many researchers to find approaches for energy monitoring, and hence energy conservation. The emerging technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) deliver techniques that have the potential to conserve energy and improve the utilization of energy consumption efficiently. Smart Home Energy Management Systems (SHEMSs) have the potential to contribute to energy conservation through the application of Demand Response (DR) in the residential sector. In this paper, the aPpliances opeRation mOdes idenTification using statEs ClusTering (PROTECT) is proposed, a SHEMS analytical component that utilizes the sensed residential disaggregated power consumption in supporting DR by providing consumers with the opportunity to select lighter Appliance Operation Modes (AOMs). The states of an appliance’s Single Usage Profile (SUP) are extracted and reformed into features in terms of clusters of states. These features are then used to identify the AOM used in every occurrence using K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). AOM identification is considered a basis for many potential smart DR applications within SHEMS, contributing to up to 78% energy reduction for some appliances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".