Textile Coated with Mercaptoethane Sulfonate-functionalized Silver Nanoparticles with Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic emphasized the need for broad-spectrum intervention before virus-specific vaccination and antiviral drugs are readily available.One of such intervention is blocking of a common step in the virus life cycle such as the attachment to the cells.Viruses frequently attach to an abundant adhesion molecules before attachment to a specific receptor.Next to sialic acids, the most common is heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) [1].The role of HSPG during virus entry was shown for many viruses such as HSV-1, dengue virus, HBV, human papillomavirus, HIV-1 [2], and recently also for SARS-CoV-2 [3].Mimicking heparan sulfate by silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs) capped with mercaptoethane (AgMES) and mercaptoundecane sulfonate (AuMUS) molecules, was successfully used in the past to inhibit viruses including HSV-1, HSV-2, human papillomavirus, dengue virus and others [4,5].Interestingly, AuMUS nanoparticles were shown previously to irreversibly block these viruses, but the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 was reversible [6].Here, we present optimized process of sonochemical coating of fabrics with AgMES NPs that possess very good virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronavirus HCoV-OC43.AgMES NPs and AgMES-coated cotton fabrics were prepared by one-step ultrasound assisted procedure using different molar ratios of AgNO3 and sodium 2-mercaptoetahnesulfonate. AgMES NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and the coated fabrics were further evaluated by additional physico-chemical methods: ICP, FTIR and HRSEM.Cytotoxicity, antiviral and virucidal activity of powders and coated fabrics were performed against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 in Vero E6 cells.The AgMES NPs showed only moderate cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells at a concentration 0.5 mg/ml, while they inhibited SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 of 60 µg/ml and HCoV-OC43 with EC50 of 1.3 µg/ml.The 46 times better anti-HCoV-OC43 activity than anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was also translated in a different antiviral activity of coated fabrics.The AgMES-coated fabrics containing 0.2 wt% of Ag + were able to eliminate up to 99% of HCoV-OC43 after 60 min contact time, while, by contrast, the same fabrics did not reduce SARS-CoV-2 titer at all.Using different fabrics, in situ vs throwing stones sonochemical technique, changing time, temperature and sonication power improved the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity only marginally.Finally, after increasing the Ag + initial concentration in the synthesis by factor of five and testing different molar ratios of Ag/MES from 1/2.5 to 1/0.5, we were able to improve the virucidal activity of fabrics against SARS-CoV-2.Fabrics coated with Ag-MES NPs, which were synthesized from 1/0.5 ratio of Ag/MES, eradicated 97-100% of SARS-CoV-2 after 60 minutes contact time.To verify the stability of the AgMES NPs coating on the fabrics, a leaching procedure in water was performed.The analysis of the leaching solution showed less than 0.02 mg/l after 2 as well as 7 days of leaching.Moreover, such treated fabrics still eradicated 100% of SARS-CoV-2.Finally, the rich pattern of NPs in XRD analysis together with HRSEM of fabrics show very uniform AgMES NPs about 500-600 nm in size explained the improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 effectiveness.In summary, the improved sonochemical method to deposit AgMES NPs onto fabrics, which lead to quick eradication of SARS-CoV-2 upon contact, provides another step towards better preparedness in the case of future pandemics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".