Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naturally occurring bentonite clay is pillared with Cr-polycations and Al-polycations to overcome the swelling nature of the clay upon contact with water.Chromium Pillared Clay (CrPC) and Aluminium Pillared Clay (AlPC) were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope, X ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X ray analysis and point of zero charge.The basal spacing increase in the interlamellar space confirmed the successful pillaring of clays.Acid Violet 19 (AV-19) dye was used as model adsorptive.Batch adsorption kinetic studies at ambient conditions revealed that the Pseudo Second Order (PSO) model could characterize the adsorption.The PSO rate constant for CrPC and AlPC were 0.0082 g/mg min and 0.0831 g/mg min, respectively.Langmuir isotherm fitted the equilibrium results for both the adsorption systems.The maximum adsorption capacity for the AV-19 dye on CrPC was 37.54 mg/g, while it was 24.33 mg/g for AlPC at ambient conditions.Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption in both adsorbents was endothermic.The effect of pH on adsorption capacity suggested that electrostatic interactions were the primary contributing mechanism for dye adsorption on CrPC and AlPC.The results showed that the pillared clay adsorbents effectively treated the AV-19 dye-containing wastewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".