Ultrasonic S‐wave indirectly detects the very narrow gap at contact of grains: Glass beads and Ottawa sands
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Considerably different from sandstones, sands have point‐like contact of grains. In contrast, sandstones have cementation between grains, which has diminished the very narrow gap at contact of grains. In this paper, ultrasonic S‐wave in brine‐saturated glass beads and Ottawa sands is used to detect the very narrow space at contact of grains. The data of the dry beads/sands and brine are inputted into Biot theory to yield phase velocity of the saturated beads/sands. By fitting the theoretical velocity with the ultrasonic measurement, phase velocity, the quality factor and S‐wave permeability are determined as functions of frequency. The predicted ultrasonic quality factors appear to be very close to that of water‐saturated Berea sandstone. Our previous study showed that for Berea sandstone, the low‐frequency S‐wave permeability is approximately half of Darcy permeability. However, for glass beads and Ottawa sands, the S‐wave permeabilities at low frequencies are one‐order magnitude lower than Darcy permeabilities. This well shows that S‐wave permeability of the beads/sands is associated with the very narrow gap at contact of grains which is successfully detected by ultrasonic S‐wave in the indirect way.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it