Paucity of Derealization and Depersonalization Signs in Chronic Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Derealization (subjective experience of unreality of the surrounding world) and depersonalization (feeling detached from one's mental or bodily processes) have been been considered as pathological symptoms.We examined the presence and stability of depersonalization-derealization over time in chronic schizophrenia.Method: Patients with chronic schizophrenia (N=41, 28 men, 13 women, mean age 38.5 years, SD=12.4) were rated at baseline, week 2, week 5, and week 8 with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and with other psychiatric scales, i.e., 4 times. The Item 19 of the 31 item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) measures the depersonalization-derealization (DD): we evaluated the changes in DD scores over the 4 time points.Results: Most patients (68.3%) consistently reported absence of symptoms of DD over the 4 timepoints.Five patients (12.2%) described a "mild" symptom of DD at least once at the 4 time points, 7 patients (17.1%) reported DD at a "moderate" level at least once,and only one patient (2.4%) reported "severe" DD, however, only once over the 4 time points.The DD measures were not significantly correlated (p>.05, one tailed) with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms(SANS) and its subscales, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the HAM-D version that includes only the first 17 items (i.e., without Item 19), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).An exception was the PANSS subscale of positive symptoms (r=.40, p=.005, 1-tailed): those with DD signs experienced more intense positive symptoms of psychosis. Conclusions:Only minimal variation in the level of DD was observed over 8 weeks.DD symptoms were completely absent in about two-thirds of these patients.The DD scores were not significantly correlated to various measures of psychopathology (SANS, PANSS, BPRS) except for the PANSS subscale of positive symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".