Anisotropies of Structure, Optical Properties, Contact, and Epitaxy on (101)- and (001)-Oriented β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Crystal Planes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, we studied the anisotropies of structure, optical properties, contact characteristics, and epitaxy on (101) and (001) β-Ga 2 O 3 substrates. The high-quality (101)- and (001)-oriented substrates with full width at half-maximum of less than 90 arcsec in the X-ray rocking curve were grown by the edge-defined film-fed growth method. The atomic arrangement of the (001) plane was terminated by Ga–O or O. The (101) plane was terminated by either Ga or O, resulting in 1–2 times higher-density surface dangling bonds than those of the (001) plane. The (101) substrate showed a higher period of angle-dependent Raman spectral intensities in plane, lower surface barrier height (Φ surf ) value, better Ohmic contact, and more desired rectification ratio by optical and electrical measurements. The lattice mismatch of ⟨0002⟩ GaN//⟨101⟩ β-Ga 2 O 3 and ⟨10–10⟩ GaN//⟨001⟩ β-Ga 2 O 3 was the same, while the orientations of GaN epitaxial films were completely different. Based on the comprehensive comparison, the anisotropies in the structure, optical properties, contact characteristics, and epitaxy between (101) and (001) substrates, even though from the same β-Ga 2 O 3 bulk crystal, are obvious. The (101) plane with higher-density surface dangling bonds not only exhibits an excellent Ohmic contact but also balances the Schottky contact. Furthermore, the (101) β-Ga 2 O 3 substrate is a good candidate for the heteroepitaxy of the (0002) GaN polar film.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".