The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Pollution: New Evidence from Panel CCE for Different Income Groups
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
FDI may have positive effects on welfare with the transfer of environmentally friendly techniques of production to developing countries from developed countries.This study examines the effects of foreign direct investment, per capita GDP and energy consumption on CO2 emission in the different four income groups from 1992 to 2014 by using common correlated effect mean group estimator. The panel results reveal that foreign direct investments have statistically significant negative effects to CO2 emissions in Canada, Egypt, India, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Jordan, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Korea Republic, Malta, Portugal, Trinidad, U.S.A, Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Jordan, Kazakhstan, and South Africa. Contrarily, the results show that foreign direct investments have statistically significant positive contributions to CO2 emissions in with lower income countries compared to the countries above, such as Ethiopia, Tanzania and Togo, Armenia, Ecuador, Gabon, Mauritius, Paraguay, Honduras, Morocco.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it