The Wakening of America: Tracking US Intolerances through the World Values Survey (1995-2014)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intolerance is broadly recognized as the refusal to permit, or even consider, opinions or beliefs contrary to our own. Despite millennial political progress and increased advocacy for minorities, intolerance still persists in explicit forms, such as travel bans, border walls, and restrictive abortion laws. To track changes of intolerance in the US, we analyzed four waves of data from the World Values Survey between 1995- 2014. Intolerance toward minority groups was determined by binary logistic regression to be generally higher among older, male participants (43-100 years), however, in conjunction with our hypothesis relating to the Cohort theory, intolerance among this cohort decreased over the years. Younger participants (18-42 years) held relatively tolerant views, particularly of both unwed couples and people living with AIDS, but grew increasingly intolerant toward immigrants and foreign workers over the years. Directions for future research along with implications for America’s management of intolerance are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".